The Safety of Blood Essay Example For Students

The Safety of Blood Essay A five-year old girl is riding down the street, on her way to her bestfriends house. She doesnt have a care in the world and is quietly humming toherself. Suddenly a car whips around the corner and swerves to avoid the child,but he looses control and squarely hits the girl, causing the her to fall andget trapped between the car and her battered bicycle. A main artery in her leghas been severed and blood fills the gutter of the street. As she gets rushedto the hospital in the ambulance, a pint of blood is given to her to attempt toreplace some of the life giving fluid that is pouring out of her leg. In theend she received four pints of blood and made a full recovery. We will write a custom essay on The Safety of Blood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although everything turned out all right for the girl, things could havebeen much different. What if that blood hadnt been there because the nationsblood supply was low? What if the blood that she received had been infectedwith a deadly disease such as Syphilis or HIV? These are pressing concerns fortodays society. Even though one in every five people will need a bloodtransfusion and the risk of contracting a disease such as AIDS is practicallynegligible, people are still concerned that the blood that they receive may haveharmful or deadly diseases and that todays blood supply is not safe.However, safe means different things for different people. For some,safe is an absolute security from any danger. This is an extreme viewpoint,though, because most people realize that one can never be completely safe. Another, and more popularly held connotation of safe, is the probability ofnot getting hurt. This is a much more reasonable and plausible definition andtherefor will be used throughout this paper. However, even though theoverwhelming probability is that nothing will go wrong, people still fear thatthe nations blood supply is unsafe. They are incorrect in this belief, though,because much is done to assure that the nations blood supply is, in fact, safe. One requirement to having a safe blood supply is to have an extensivereserve, because this allows for the option of discarding any blood that ispotentially unsafe.The assurance of an ample blood supply begins with thedonation process. Most of the people in this country have the capability todonate blood. However, only 4 percent of the eligible population actuallydonates.1 There are few restrictions and the reason why there are bloodshortages is because people dont want to donate as opposed to cant donate. For most blood centers, the physical criteria that a donor must meet are asfollows: person must be at least 17 years of age, weigh 110 pounds, and be ingood physical health. However, if so many people can donate blood why do so fewchoose to?Most people are afraid of giving blood. There are many misconceptionsabout the process of donating blood and receiving transfusions. For example,people believe that there is a danger of contracting diseases, especially AIDS,from the needles used during the process. However, these chances are zero, anda person has less of a chance of contracting a disease while giving blood thanhe has in any other ordinary situationActually, people have little to fear about giving blood. Manyprecautions are taken to assure that the process is safe for the donor, and theblood that is received is safe for the recipient. Before the donor even getsclose to the bed or the needle, he first must complete a thorough survey askingabout his past and potentially risky behavio r. The survey asks about recentsexual encounters, focusing on homosexual situations. It also asks about druguse, body piercing, and prostitution, which are all considered to be at riskbehaviors. If the donor has participated in such behavior he will not beallowed to donate until a time when it is safer for everyone involved. If thedonor passes the screening, his blood is collected in a new, plastic bag with abrand new needle. The needle and everything used during the process, from thefinger lancet to the cotton swabs, are disposed of instead of being reused,which eliminates the possibility of something not being properly sterilized. .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .postImageUrl , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:hover , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:visited , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:active { border:0!important; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:active , .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc47a1ab6216bacb8df1a83a47303613c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse EssayAlso, if by chance, the nurse misses the vein and must reinsert a needle, hewill start over with a new needle, to assure sterility. After the blood isdrawn, it is sent to certain laboratories, where it is tested for diseases suchas HIV. If there is a problem, the donor will even be notified to assure thathe or she doesnt put anyone else at risk. At any point in this process, bloodthat does not reach the proper standards will be removed from the supply,assuring safety. In fact, two to ten percent of the units of blood that arereceived end up being removed because of uncertainty. 2Another reason why people may be hesitant to donate is because theydont know t he benefits of giving blood. First, because of the screeningprocess, the donor receives a sort of mini-physical every eight weeks. Thislets a person keep a check on his or her blood pressure, pulse, temperature,weight, and iron reading. It is a good way to assure that one is remaininghealthy. Also, not only does the blood that is given help someone in desperateneed of it, the donor feels good about himself, too. The donor can walk out ofthe center with a firm sense that he has helped someone in need. After the blood is drawn, many tests are performed on it, providinganother way to insure that the blood supply is safe. Testing is done forSyphilis, Hepititis B and C, abnormal liver function, and Human T-LymphotrophicVirus type I and type II. All of these diseases are blood-born and have thepotential of being extremely harmful if not fatal. However, the main fear thatpeople have regarding a blood transfusion is that they may contract AIDS. Thisis a result of a lack of understanding about what AIDS is or how it is tested. AIDS, an acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is a blood-borndisease that attacks ones immune system, leaving him susceptible to lesserdiseases that may not be a threat to a person with a healthy immune system. Itis caused by a virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and over a fewyears develops into AIDS. The only ways to contract HIV are through bodilyfluids: blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk. It is because blood is oneof the means of contracting the disease, many people are afraid of donating andreceiving blood. However, HIV is also one of the diseases thoroughly tested forin the testing process. Two HIV related tests are performed, one for the HIVantigen and the other for the HIV antibody. The purpose of testing twice is toassure that the presence of the disease is noticed. If a person tests positivefor either the HIV antigen or antibody, he is permanently deferred, meaning thathe will never be allowed to donate.1The main reason why people are conce rned about the safety of the bloodsupply is because they are afraid of contracting a disease in the event thatthey need to receive blood. However, precautions are also made to insure thesafety of blood transfusions. For example, all of the blood used fortransfusions either comes from the blood center or is drawn by the same methods. This insures that the level of sterility and testing for harmful diseases is ashigh as it is for donation. In the hospital, sterile one-use needles are alsoused as they are in the blood center. Also, careful screening is done to makesure that the blood types match and that the donor blood is compatible with thea patients blood, preventing diseases such as jaundice. In both the bloodcenter where the donations take place and the hospital where the transfusionsoccur, the staff is highly trained and knowledgeable. Each nurse or assistantmust have basic medical training to get the job, and although human error exists,it is minimal. .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .postImageUrl , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:hover , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:visited , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:active { border:0!important; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:active , .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841 .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u513e659e485d877340d7abec6f6b2841:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Internet Speech EssayDue to the many safeguards and precautions taken, the blood supply inAmerica is safe. The risk of contracting a disease from the donation process isquite minimal and there are more reasons to give blood than not to give blood. It is my opinion that if a person can give blood, they should. Donating bloodis noble, safe, and painless, and when blood is given, the donor gets awonderful feeling of doing good for someone and can be confident that he or shemay have saved a life. So when that little girl arrives at the hospital,unconscious and bleeding, she can be sure that the blood she receives will besafe. Works Cited1 The Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Testing Performed on All BloodDonations 5/962 The American Association of Blood Banks, Recieving Blood 1995Category: Science

Free Essays on The Future Of Business Ethics In China

The Future of Business Ethics in China Introduction From a long-term, global perspective I believe that business ethics is paramount to all societies. Why? Major driving forces for business ethics lay in an increasing importance of business, a growing diversity of ethical beliefs and an ever more pressing need to address these complex issues. In China, the study of ethics in relation to business has emerged only in recent years. Before 1978, dialogue on the subject of free market economics or business in general was taboo. Following the dramatic changes in Chinese society resulting from the 1978 economic reforms, China’s door has swung wide open to both foreign investment and private business activities. China in the 1990's was trying to come to grips with the consequences of the monumental changes which have taken place within the past 20 years, including the emergence of such ethical developments as corruption, intellectual property rights concerns, environmental abuses, labor unrest, and equality issues, among others. The recent economic changes and pressures from within China’s business community are demanding a new understanding and assessment of the relationship between business and ethics. Challenges in Business Ethics in China Sustainable human development Of the many challenges ahead for China, perhaps the greatest is to strive for sustainable human development. As the United Nations Development Program proposed, human development surpasses purely economic development to include life expectancy, basic education and income per person. It also involves the long-term perspective of "sustainability," which the World Commission on Development and Environment defines as "[meeting] the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs." Can we elaborate on this concept of development in the Chinese context? The issue of sustainable development clearly to... Free Essays on The Future Of Business Ethics In China Free Essays on The Future Of Business Ethics In China The Future of Business Ethics in China Introduction From a long-term, global perspective I believe that business ethics is paramount to all societies. Why? Major driving forces for business ethics lay in an increasing importance of business, a growing diversity of ethical beliefs and an ever more pressing need to address these complex issues. In China, the study of ethics in relation to business has emerged only in recent years. Before 1978, dialogue on the subject of free market economics or business in general was taboo. Following the dramatic changes in Chinese society resulting from the 1978 economic reforms, China’s door has swung wide open to both foreign investment and private business activities. China in the 1990's was trying to come to grips with the consequences of the monumental changes which have taken place within the past 20 years, including the emergence of such ethical developments as corruption, intellectual property rights concerns, environmental abuses, labor unrest, and equality issues, among others. The recent economic changes and pressures from within China’s business community are demanding a new understanding and assessment of the relationship between business and ethics. Challenges in Business Ethics in China Sustainable human development Of the many challenges ahead for China, perhaps the greatest is to strive for sustainable human development. As the United Nations Development Program proposed, human development surpasses purely economic development to include life expectancy, basic education and income per person. It also involves the long-term perspective of "sustainability," which the World Commission on Development and Environment defines as "[meeting] the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs." Can we elaborate on this concept of development in the Chinese context? The issue of sustainable development clearly to...

Managing Financial Resources Master Research Paper

Managing Financial Resources Master - Research Paper Example Must Have Furnisher's current financial information (charts) can be found in Annex A of this report. All other charts and reports related to the projects to be examined and the company in question for the merger can also be found in Annex A. This report begins by comparing the profit/loss statement for the year ending 30/09/03. What follows is a bar graph that compares 2002 profit/loss and 2003 profit/loss. You may find the results quite startling. With sales and gross profit being higher in 2003 one would expect the operating profit to higher, but its not: The blue bars represent 2002's data and the reddish bars represent 2003's data. Sales were way up in 2003 as were cost of sales and gross profit. There is a considerable gap between 2002 and 2003 in sales and expenses. When you get down to the number that really counts, the operating profit, 2002 was a better year. 2003's data shows a 311% increase in sales, 466% more spent in cost of sales, etcBut, when you look at the final bars (operating profit) 2002 reported 674000 profit and 2003 reported 620000 profit. The company actually made less in 2003 (-54000) and spent considerably more in 2003. What hurt in 2003's numbers were the expenses such as bad debts, depreciation, selling expenses, and interest owed. It appears that the new p... The Simplified Balance Sheet (See Annex A) for Must Have Furnishers LTD tells more of the story. There are big number differences as seen in the prior graph only this time 2003 came out with the bigger numbers. Why Because the earlier chart gave a snapshot of one part of the business and the chart below gives a snapshot of the business as a whole and takes a look at such things as stock ownership to raise capital and expenditures for machines and equipment. The bars on the left represent 2002 data while the ones on the right represent 2003 data. The ratio of assets is .358911:1 and the ration of liabilities is .0625:1. The next graph shows the company's net worth (net assets minus long term liabilities): Column 1 is the company's 2002 net worth and column 2 is the company's 2003 net worth. Why is the company worth more in 2003 In 2002 the company had 60 stock holders and that number increased to 476 in 2003. One way of raising money (capital) to fund projects or growth is to sell more stock. This could work well or backfire. Selling more stock could make the stock price fall. The stock owners before the new sale would lose because their stock lost value and their percentage of ownership in the company dropped as well. This company also took on more debtors (1000). That raised the current assets for 2003. The net worth for the company increased from 1858 in 2002 to 2534 in 2003. That equates to roughly a 36% increase in net worth for the company. If the company could reduce its long term liabilities the profit margin would be greater. Also, the company needs to take a good look at the expenses 2002 vs. 2003. Lowering those expenses would raise the operating

The Comprehensive Insight into the Corporation BBC Case Study

The Comprehensive Insight into the Corporation BBC - Case Study Example British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) remains the leading broadcaster in the entire United Kingdom. The company engages in the running of various public global Television stations, digital and cable channels, and worldly radio networks. The BBC One channel is the biggest and provides a broad range of news and entertainment programming. The company broadcasts radio programming through the BBC World Service option in languages that exceed thirty around the globe. Dramas and comedies by the company come in other channels including the discovery channel that aim at reaching particular audiences. This report outlines the major strategic challenges faced by BBC at the stage describes in the case study provided. This results in likely options for future development and growth of the overall corporate strategy generating sustainable competitive advantage for BBC. Other features entail the cultural concepts following implementation of the new strategic approach developed by Greg Dyke. The pa per takes the initial step of assessing challenging factors for BBC covering capabilities, environment, and purpose. This will be crucial in comprehending detailed view of the strategic position taken by the corporation. This analysis leads to a more precise definition of the final future strategic development plan and concepts. The original aim of the British Broadcasting Corporation is to educate, inform, and entertain. It operates on the path line of being the most creative institution around the globe and strives to pursue the same vision through all available means. Values pursued by the company are impartiality and independence, internal collaborations and diversity, value for money, as well as delivery of quality services. These values remain central to the growth and development of BBC as a service company that remains dominant in the United Kingdom and a market leader in the world as well.

The Main Factors For An Economic Growth Term Paper

The Main Factors For An Economic Growth - Term Paper Example At this point, the following problem appears: how can investment benefit quickly the local economy if bureaucracy sets obstacles in the completion of the relevant processes? From this point of view, it could be stated that the effects of investment on economic growth are not standardized. Investment contributes to economic growth but the terms of the success of the relevant plans are depended on a series of factors, such as the local regulations, meaning especially the laws on investment, the availability of sources, the political and social stability and so on. Another factor which can also affect economic growth is the human capital. Nijkamp notes that the term ‘human capital’ can be used for describing the workforce, i.e. those involved in the production processes of the local economy. There is no differentiation between locals and foreigners, meaning that human capital would also include expatriates who are asked to participate in the business projects developed within a particular country. However, when referring to ‘human capital’ as influencing economic growth, it would be preferable to consider a particular team of persons: the locals who are able and willing to be engaged in the business activities developed across their country. From this point of view, the value of ‘human capital’ within a specific country can be influenced by the education and training available to people of different age and gender. Human capital is not directly related to the macroeconomic conditions of each country.... Investment, in any case, contributes in economic growth but the terms of success of the relevant plans are depended on a series of factors, such as the local regulations, meaning especially the laws on investment, the availability of sources, the political and social stability and so on. Another factor which can also affects economic growth is the human capital. Nijkamp (2010) notes that the term ‘human capital’ can be used for describing the workforce, i.e. those involving in the production processes (products and services) of the local economy. There is no differentiation between locals and foreigners, meaning that human capital would also include expatriates who are asked to participate in the business projects developed within a particular country. However, when referring to ‘human capital’ as influencing economic growth, it would be preferable to consider a particular team of persons: the locals who are able and willing to be engaged in the business act ivities developed across their country. From this point of view, the value of ‘human capital’ within a specific country can be influenced by the education and training available to people of different age and gender (Nijkamp 43). Human capital, as a term used in the explanation of economic growth, is not directly related to the macroeconomic conditions of each country; however, its existence and its quality is reflected in these conditions. For example, a high GDP level would indicate that people across the country are appropriately educated and trained, supporting the growth of their organization, as this growth result also in the growth of the economy. From a similar point of view, it is noted that the promotion of research and

Study Abroad And Culture Shock Education Essay

Study Abroad And Culture Shock Education Essay What is meant by study abroad is shortly that Off-campus education that occurs outside the participants home country as defined by Peterson, Engle, Kenney, Kreutzer, Nolting, and Ogden (2007, p.177). As defined in the study by Kitsantas and Meyers (2001) study abroad programs are based on an educational aim and they take place out of country boundaries which are participants native land. To be familiar with a new culture, to be receptive and more knowledgeable, to get professional information from another university and to reach a high level of target language can be some purposes of study abroad, in reference to Behrnd and Porzelt (2011). Study abroad programs require to be connected with foreign societies and cultures. However, trying to be adapted to a new culture sometimes ends up with culture shock. There is a need for knowing the meaning of culture to be able to understand what culture shock is. Culture, according to Mcleod (2008), is to learn social heritage covertly and overtly, implicitly and explicitly, consciously or unconsciously and it helps to perceive, relate and interpret the reality. What is the culture shock? According to definition of Chapdelaine and Alexitch (2004), culture shock is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the multiple demands for adjustment that individuals experience at the cognitive, behavioral, emotional, social, and physiological levels, when they relocate to another culture (p. 168). Culture shock, especially for students, is a very common issue when they are in a study abroad program. Culture shock can be defined as the period of adaptation of a new culture when a person experiences some feelings like anxiety, confusion and disruption while living in the new culture (Befus, 1986). Additionally, Pedersen (1995) has many definitions about culture shock: (1) is a process and not a single event, (2) may take place at many different levels simultaneously as the individual interacts with a complex environment, (3) becomes stronger or weaker as the individual learns to cope or fails to cope, (4) teaches the individual new coping strategies which contribute to future success, and (5) applies to any radical change presenting unfamiliar or unexpected circumstances. Situations of culture shock abroad provide metaphors for better understanding culture shock related to physical health, environmental disaster, economic failure, psychological crises, or any radical change in lifestyle (p. vii). 1.2 Purpose and Rationale As the social life has an important place in everybodys life times, this study was conducted to examine the symptoms and causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students coming from Asia, Europe and other continents. By searching the symptoms and causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students, we wanted to contribute to the studies searching solutions to problems resulting from these causes if there was any. With the help of this study, foreign METU students may get some information about what culture shock is and they may learn what kind of problems they can face at METU because of culture shock. The main reason for this research was to find out whether or not there were any differences in terms of symptoms and causes of culture shock on social lives of foreign METU students coming from Asia, Europe and other continents. In addition to this, it was aimed to explain (a) what the symptoms of culture shock were, (b) what the causes of culture shock were and (c) which of these causes were the most common. 1.3 Limitations This research was conducted with only METU students coming from Asia, Europe and other continents. Since there was no possibility to reach all the foreign students at METU, the number of participants was limited to 40 students. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to all foreign students in universities of Turkey. LITERATURE REVIEW There are many people who travelled to remote regions so as to work, settle, teach, study and have fun in human history (Bochner, 2003). In recent years, study abroad programs have become very popular among university students. When the participants are away from their home country, they may have some difficulties in adjustment to new country and its culture. These difficulties are mostly caused by culture shock. According to Bragg (2005), culture shock is a situation hard to get accustomed because of some elements like different physical environment, clothes, transportation, and food. Researchers state that in the globalizing world, study abroad gets more and more students attention due to the fact that it has a crucial role on students analytic abilities, aspects for cultural diversity and their potential to cope with ambiguity (Carlson, Burn, Useem, Yachimowicz, 1991). Whereas the specific objectives of study abroad programs depend upon the institutions participating in those, intercultural and academic proficiency are common to all institutions, in respect to Anderson, Lawton, Rexeisen and Hubbard (2005). Teichler (2004) indicates that the reasons for participating in study abroad programs are generally to learn a language in its native environment, to improve oneself, to take academic courses in another university, to understand and be familiar with a new culture, to increase the opportunities for business and to travel. There are three types of study abroad programs: full year, semester and summer term programs. Dwyer (2004) points out that full year programs generally last 32 weeks, semester programs last at least 16 weeks and summer term programs change six to seven weeks in length. No matter what the length of program is there will be culture change in their lives. There is no connection between duration of staying in a new culture and attitudes towards this culture either positively or negatively (Feichtinger and Fink, 1998). Like language, culture acquisition occurs in early childhood with an inner aptitude and then it is supported with formal and informal education in social life into adulthood. (Stewart Leggat, 1998). As culture has an important role on all human beings lives, any change in the culture may cause some problems and one of them is culture shock. Culture shock, especially for students, is a very common issue when they are in a study abroad program. Pyvis and Chapman (2005) illustrate that in the concept of higher education, international students travelling to other countries in order to study are identified at risk of culture shock. People usually suffer from emotional disturbance when they are in an unfamiliar culture. There are many troubles of students who come from a country to another one so as to take higher education, especially if they have quite distinctive culture in their home country. Jimà ©nez and Leichnitz (n.d.) note that the exchange students may confront many problems on their social lives, for instance, they may not know how to use the bank systems, where to go shopping, how to use public transportation and how to live according to traditions of that culture. Previous research on this topic is limited in Turkey. However, there have been conducted many research about this topic around the world. For example, there is a study conducted in United Kingdom by Mehdizadeh and Scott (2005) and they emphasize problems that students may encounter such as educational system which is quite different from the methods their own country, difficulty in adaptation to British customs, places to stay or sorts of food. In view of Mcleod (2008), exchange students from Western countries, especially ones in Europe, experience lower degree of culture shock than non-Western countries students. The degree of culture shock changes because of racism and discrimination not only Western cultures but also their taboos. In addition to this, the effects of exchange students beliefs related to Americans negative perspective about their own country may cause infelicity and adaptation problems. As mentioned by Chapdelaine and Alexitch (2004) The term culture shock was first introduced by anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in the late 1950s. Culture shock occurs due to decline of well-known elements of culture; therefore, some negative feelings appear in individuals lives While travelling to a new country and being familiar with a new culture seem as positive affairs, they do not always positive effects in peoples lives. There are five stages of culture shock according to Pedersen (1995). He defines and explains those stages. First stage is honeymoon stage in which exchange students experience curiosity and excitement to new culture. In the second disintegration stage, they have feeling of disintegration and they cannot supply the requirements of the new culture. In the third reintegration stage they start to adapt to and reintegrate with new culture. In the fourth autonomy stage, there is a comparison between the new culture and the old one in terms of positive and negative elements. Lastly, in the fifth interdependence stage, individuals become bicultural, so they feel comfortable in both cultures. However, it is uncertain that whether or not every individual reaches to fifth stage and acquires biculturalism On the ground that every student cannot reach the fifth stage, culture shock does not always end up with positive results (p.3). The research Culture Shock: Causes and Symptoms by Miller (2008) mentions that there are 13 factors that cause culture shock. According to him, elements causing culture shock are language, interpersonal communication, politics, mentality, religion, Americans attitude toward international students, infrastructure, service quality, education system, food, environmental concerns, social responsibility and immigration policies. These causes are so general that they should be narrowed down. Since the main focus of this research was the social lives of foreign METU students, only some causes based on social life were included in this research. In social life people always communicate with each other. Thus, interpersonal communication has an important role on peoples lives. Selà §uk (n.d.) assumes that every society has their linguistic behavior models so as to use in daily life. These linguistic behavior models differ from society to society and culture to culture. If individuals participating in communication have different cultures there will be a disagreement in communication as they will not know the meaning of attitude and behaviors in the new culture. Since people cannot communicate with each other due to the differences in linguistic behavior models, they have high possibility to confront culture shock. The problem in communication with the people of a new country has a close relationship with the attitudes of host country people toward foreign students. According to a statement by Frost (2007), Finding a group of like minded people who will welcome them with open arms and empathize with their plight is like finding an oasis in a cultural desert. All of the students in host country do not have positive attitude toward foreign students, hence, the students coming from different counties have problem with finding friends. Frost emphasizes this issue saying that the exchange students, in fact, do not prefer to be friends with whom they have when they are in a study abroad program. However, as their choices are very limited, they have to be friends with those of host country. As the world becomes more and more globalizing, students try to go to other countries for higher education. Ginkel (2008) considers that every person has their own point of view about education and its aim. It is not surprising to find out that different countries have different aims in education. When people are in another country, they can feel the education system of this country has a dissimilar way of teaching from one of their home country. According to Mehdizadeh and Scott (2005) Students may need to adjust to a new educational system, which differs considerably from the methods of study in their own country This adaptation progress can be hard some foreign students due to big differences between education system of their home country and education system of country they have come as foreign students. The research Culture Shock: Causes and Symptoms by Miller (2008) presents 10 general symptoms of culture shock that are irritability, homesickness, social withdrawal, boredom, a need for excessive sleep, depression, over-eating or loss of appetite, mental or relationship stress, loss of ability to study effectively, and feeling sick much of the time. If it is needed to specify more, there are some other symptoms like excessive preoccupation with drinking water, food and dishes, fear of physical contact with servants and great concern over minor pain as Befus (1986) stated. Study abroad programs that sometimes cause culture shock have been in demand much more recent years. As regards YÄ ±ldÄ ±z, ÇakÄ ±r and Kondakà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± (2011), although Turkey is seen among countries sending students, the number of foreign students coming to Turkey on the purpose of study abroad has been increasing consistently. In Turkey, it is hard to set a common rationale for foreign students from different countries and cultures. All students who come to Turkey for study abroad have differential reason for choosing Turkey. Turkey not only has many universities but also historical and natural beauty which anybody wants to see. These features make Turkey attractive for foreign students. According to Gibbs (2011), METU is one of the most prestigious universities in Turkey. Therefore, it hosts over 1000 foreign students who want to take an academic education around the world. METU and these foreign students are inseparable from each other. The purpose of METU is to increase the number of foreign students next years. This study aimed to highlight some causes and symptoms of the culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents. 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Questions This research was conducted in order to find answers to the following research questions: Are there any changes on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents? If yes, which changes are resulted from culture shock? What are the causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents? What are the symptoms of that culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students from Europe, Asia and other continents? Are there any differences at the rate of causes and symptoms of culture shock among social lives of foreign students from Europe, Asia and other continents at METU? In this study, it was expected to find some significant symptoms and causes of culture shock on the social lives of foreign METU students. It was predicted that foreign students had both same and different symptoms and causes. By taking into consideration these three types of students, the symptoms and causes of culture shock was investigated.

Setting Up a McDonalds In Chad Essay examples -- Business

Chad is an ethnically diverse African country that also happens to be one of the poorest countries in Africa. Chad gained its independence from France in 1960 after a sixty year rule. There are several national cultures in Chad that are based on ethnoregional and religious affiliations. There are more than 200 ethnic groups in Chad, and those in the north and east are typically Muslim; most southerners are Animists and Christians. Through their long religious and commercial relationships with Sudan and Egypt, many of the people in Chad's eastern and central regions have become more or less Arabized, speaking Arabic and engaging in many other Arab cultural practices as well (Azevedo, Graham, and Nnadozie, 1997). The people who reside in southern Chad took more readily to European culture during the French colonial period. The county of Chad is 495,752 square miles and is three times larger than California, according to the CIA World Fact Book (2010). Chad has a population of 10,543,464 as of July 2010, which is a population density of 14.2 people per square mile and a population growth rate of 2.038 percent, according to the CIA World Fact Book (2010). Chad also has an urban population of twenty-seven percent, according to the CIA World Fact Book (2010). Chad is one of the poorest countries on the African continent. Chad's economy is mostly agricultural and eighty percent of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock rising as their livelihood, cotton farming, growing sorghum, millet, groundnuts, vegetables, and fruits (Azevedo, Graham, and Nnadozie, 1997). The other twenty percent of Chad's population works in the services industry such as, manufacturing, services, and the military. According to the CIA... ...urgers,Chicken, Salads". Entrepreneur.com, Retrieved on November 19, 2010, from www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/mcdonalds/282570-0.html 2010 6. Rosensweig Brahm. (2001). Chad: Acultural Profile. Published by Anti-Racism, Multiculturalism and Native Issues (AMNI) Centre, Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 2001. Retrieved on November 21, 2010. Availble: www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf 7. Spaeder, Karen (2004) "How to Find the Best Location: A guide to scouting out a location for your food or retail business, sizing up demographics and getting the help you need". Entrepreneur.com, Retrieved November 21, 2010, from www.entrepreneur.com/startingabusiness/startupbasics/location/article73784.html 8. CIA World Fact Book (2010). Retrieved on November 22, 2010, from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html

Establishment of Unique State Language in Office Work Essay

Acknowledgement We want to acknowledge our parents for participating and helping us to conduct a questionnaire in the state institutions in Astana. Also we would like to thank Saltanat – secretary of head of government – for distribution of questionnaires among respondents and operate actions in delivering results to Almaty. Abstract Nowadays the issue of languages is one of the most actual, disputable. That is why government tries to improve the conditions of state language. This year new law was created; it states that all documentations must be written in Kazakh. This change cause many disputes and discussions and becomes more popular. As an actual issue this problem was chosen by the authors of research. The research question: what is the viewpoint of Astana citizens to establishment of unique state language in office work? Research objectives are to inquire into views of people to this law, find the advantages and disadvantages of change, to define the impact of transition on the process of work. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made: people would have negative point of view on the establishment. In order to achieve more efficiency the instrument of survey design – questionnaire – was chosen. It was conducted among 20 people – the inhabitants of Astana – who work in the state institutions, because change of language in the office work impacts them directly. Convenience sampling was used, because authors chose merely closest persons as respondents. At the base of results of questionnaire it was found that 70% of people have positive, 25% neutral, 5% negative attitude to the change. Thus, the results of questionnaire shows that the authors’ hypothesis was not justified: it was defined that people have positive viewpoint on the establishment, also there is no almost any difficulties connected with the change and it does not impact on the process and quality of the work. I. Introduction A. Reasons for Undertaking Research For almost 300 years Kazakhstan was under the pressure of neighbour Russia, so since it was happened our cultural wealth began to eradicate. Language was almost lost, and nobody knew what would be in the future. Unfortunately, the most powerful and developing country – Soviet Union – fell to pieces (Akishev, 1996). So, since from 1990 year there were born new countries. And Kazakhstan was not exception. Like a newborn baby, country started to do its first steps. In this way new constitution was created. â€Å"Kazakh is a state language, and Russian is official† says the constitution of Kazakhstan. But this year new law took place: â€Å"since 2007 year all documentations must be in Kazakh†, it states. But is the country with only half Kazakh-speaking inhabitancies ready to this change, how the multinational population will react to it? This is our issue. The government made a decision, but can we manage with it? Only 1000 civil servants of 5000 can speak Kazakh in advance or can do office work in it, documentation nowadays executes in Russian and only after that it translates into Kazakh. It is right to ask a question: what will follow after this establishment? Consequences may be different but more obvious thing that there will be many difficulties because of unknowing language. With this poor condition the procedure of work will delay, consequently, the standards, the value of work will decrease. The change of language of office work will lead to discrimination of not Kazakh-speaking population. Because of this it’s important to investigate this issue. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made: the attitude of major population of Astana has negative point of view on this change of language of office work in Kazakh. B. Research Methods In order to achieve more efficiency from research survey is using here. To investigate exact attitudes of people the work need statistics, numerical data, also the viewpoints, position, suggestions of Astana people must be considered in the work. So, survey design is the best way to attain the most systematically organized point here. Also questionnaire is being consumed as instruments of research. It was chosen because, in order to determine the views of people and situation in the country, quantitative method will be helpful. The data and facts that they will give may help to solve partly our problem. As it is written in previous, statistics is necessary, and questionnaire may give new data and numbers, so it is helpful in this area, specific questions in questionnaire (open-ended) the opportunity to determine the exact point of view of people and their suggestions. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first one is written in order to investigate social status of people and give demographic data. The second section’s aim is to ascertain the attitude of the person to the establishment of unique state language in the office work. The questionnaire was held on the period 14-16 of June in Astana. 20 people working in the state establishments were respondents of the questionnaire. The type of the research was primary, convenience technique was used. Ð ¡. Research Structure The research paper is divided into the six following chapters: Introduction – this part of the research presents brief description of the research, reasons for undertaking it and methods which will be used during this research. Review of the literature — this part of the research is dedicated to information that was found in appropriate literature in order to describe problems of establishment the unique language in the office work. Field research results – is a descriptive part of work, where authors should give only description of results that they receive from questionnaire or/an interview. Analysis and discussion – in this part of research paper all information presented before will be analyzed and will be tried to define future outlook of the industry and investors decision that can be taken. Conclusion – authors make a summary of the research paper. Bibliography – sources that were used in writing research. Appendices – include the questionnaire paper and interview paper. II. Literature review A. Historical background of Kazakh language The gold book of history of Kazakhs includes following pages: at the beginning of XVIII century west part of present territory of Kazakhstan started to join to Russian Empire. In spite of resistance of Orta and Uly Juzes during next hundred years all regions of country wholly became a piece of neighbour state. Since that time by the order of imperator Russian Empire Alexander I commenced the change of ruling power: they chose the heads of juzes. In the 30-40es of XVIII century fortresses were built at the boarders of Kazakhstan. Russian-speaking people started to immigrate into the Kazakh land. So, these were the first steps of colonization policy and active exchange of culture, widely spreading of Russian language and slowing down of Kazakh. (Kozybayev,1995). After formation of the Soviet Union in 1917, the discrimination of all nations with their culture and language that existed on the territory of USSR took place. Politics of state was the creation of unified society, where were the one constitution of USSR, which named Russian the single language of communication. From that period in different parts of the biggest country of the world the policy of inculcation of Russian language started. This process was the ideology, which was considered by government of Russia. Following 70 years lead to the almost wholly losing of native language. As an example of it in 1954 when virgin land started to build up 640.000 people from other countries of Union came to KazSSR. As a consequence of it new educational establishments were built, but with this immigration only in south region of country 700 Kazakh schools were closed, children stayed without needed education. Also the names of water-lands were changed in Russian, in order to make more comfortable the life of our â€Å"guests†. With this problem of eradication of folk wealth faced not only Kazakhstan, but other 12 countries of USSR, especially Moldova, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Georgia, etc (Akishev, Baipakov, 1996). So, after colonization for almost 300 years young independent Republic of Kazakhstan had to face with problem of wholly reconstruction of society, policy and economy of country. As a consequence of this dependence became following data: according to Agency of Statistics from 01.01.2004 the population of country is equal to 14,952 million people: 57, 19 % Kazakhs, 27, 24% Russians, 3, 14% Ukrainians, 2, 74% Uzbeks and other 120 nationalities. For the present time about 3 million Kazakhs do not know their native language. 64,4 % of population possess with Kazakh, when 84,8% speak Russian (Agency of statistics of RK , 2004). B. Status of Kazakh language nowadays With getting sovereignty in 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan got opportunity to raise its national wealth. So, the new constitution from 30th August of 1995, in the 7th article of the first part (general provisions) of it states: â€Å"1. the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazak language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazak language. 3. The state shall promote conditions for the study and development of the languages of the people of Kazakhstan.† (Constitution of RK, 1995). C. Problems and discussions on the issue According to B. Omarov (2005) – the head of Committee on problems of language of Ministry of information, culture and sport – in correspondents of State programme of function and development of languages for 2001-2010 years, affirmatived by decree of the president of RK from 07.02.2001 â„â€"550 in all regions of republic conduct measures of halting-placely change of office work on the state language. Because of this office work of 5 regions (Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, South-Kazkahstan, Atyrau, and Mangistau) was fully translated on state language. On the base of schedule of stagely translation of office work on state language cultivated republic agenda and brought in consideration of Government of RK. In accordance to this graphic from 01.01.2010 is expected fully translation of office work on state language. Due to this law there have been appeared problems of discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people in the country. Nowadays majority of people ask question, such â€Å"what this change will lead to?† According to Martha Brill Olcott (1997), there is a strong sense of disquiet among many of the country’s ethnic Russians, who feel that the break-up of the USSR has turned a familiar country into an alien one, and has left them as second-class citizens in what they themselves perceive as their native land. And the translation of language in office work will possibly grow gap between Kazakhstan’s Kazakhs and European communities. But specialists advise not to confuse. As Dariga Nazarbayeva states (2006), the change of language will not lead to discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people. Russian will stay as an official language. What just people should do – to learn about hundred of words and do documentations basing on them? Akim of Almaty I. Tasmagambetov (2005) and deputy, poet M. Shahanov (2005) become intimate in the opinion that world experience of states shows that presence of native language impact on stability, security of independent country. Our main aim is to raise the status of using Kazakh on the level of Russian. That is why akims actively accept the new law. They claim that the wealth that our ancestors gave to people should be kept. But there are some opposite points of view on this theme. Some non-Kazakh parts of population of RK think that government tries to slowly eradicate other nations from the land of Kazakhs. Some people, like O. Suleimenov (2005) – the representative of RK in UNESCO – thinks that republic is not yet ready for this change. This change may causes problems of leaving the country of other nations. At first, think this part of country, we should prepare the fundament, prepare people – to recreate grammar of language, to type reliable text books, in order to make easier the studying deeply and efficiently the language. At that time the minister of education and science B. Aitimova (2006) states that state program of Kazakh language for 2001-2010 is developing. She claims that 77% of schools are in Kazakh or mixed. But state Secretary O. Abdikarimov does not agree with that by saying that 500 million tenge was given from budget, nevertheless, there are no results. The minister culture and information – Y. Ertisbaev (2006) – he offers to make social polls. So, after some time, the problem will be partly solved. Summary Thus, there are many views on the issue of changing language of office work in Astana. Arguments of both sights are very strong; they were confirmed with statistics and prognoses of the critics. In discussions of the problem play role all social classes of Kazakhstan, because of this issue relates to all citizens of our country. Although there is no exact answer at the present time, but research will give it in the near future. III. Field research (Questionnaire results) A. General information The research question of present work is intended to find out what is the viewpoint of Astana’s citizens to the establishment of unique state language in office work. Thus, in order to obtain useful statistics and find out what are the precise attitudes of people on this issue, given questionnaire was conducted by researches. The field research was divided into three parts, which will allow to the reader comfortably find useful information (indirect data – common information, direct – specific material). At the period 14-16 of June in state institutions of Astana 20 people, who have full-time work place, have been asked by researches. Target population of the research is adults from 18 years old, in which 11 are female and 9 are male. As respondents were the closest available people, convenience sampling was used. B. Demographic (indirect) data At the process of work the category of age of respondents was divided into four parts: 18-25 (10%), 25-35 (35%), 35-50 (50%), over 50 (5%). 80% are Kazakhs and 20% are Russian respondents. From chart 1 it can be seen that the level of knowing of Kazakh and Russian languages among 20 people: [pic] Researches have investigated that 50 per cent of people know Kazakh in advance, 35 colloquial and 15 % do not speak on state language, while 90 % of people know Russian in advance and 10% colloquially. Table 1 shows the percentage degree of people who knows foreign languages and what are that languages. |Language |Percentage | |English |25% | |German |25% | |Belarusian |5% | |Don’t know other language |45% | Table 1. The quarter part speaks English, another Germany, while 5 % know Belarusian and other 45% do not know any foreign language. It was investigated that all 20 people have high education, from which 14 people studied in Russian (70%) and 6 in Kazakh (30%). The chart 2 shows the in what language people mostly communicate with each other: [pic] Half of respondents communicate in Russian, when 30% talk in Kazakh and 20% of people speak on both languages. At the process of work it was defined that all 20 people have full-time permanent work place, 19 (95%) are state workers, and 1 (5%) is a member of join-stock company. C. Attitudes of people (direct data) The chart 3 demonstrates the position of people toward the establishment. [pic] 80% of people think that it is right to establish such innovation, 15 % has neutral position and 5% are against the law. 70% of respondents have positive point of view to the establishment, 25% are neutral and 5% have negative attitude. From 20 people, who was asked, 12 (60%) are expressed willingness to do office work in Kazakh, while 8 (40%) people are not ready to such work. |Percentage of people who faced with office work in Kazakh | |Faced |60% | |Don’t faced |40% | From table 2 you may see that 60% of respondents have faced with doing office work in Kazakh while 40% do not. Table 2 From table 3 you may find out the percentage level of kinds of spreading of information about the establishment of unique language in the office work. 36,4 % of respondents have got information from work, 20% from relatives, 18,2% from friends, 15,6% through mass-media, 3,2% from another sources, while 6,6% do not know about this law. |Kinds of |Percentage | |Spreading of info | | |Relatives |20% | |Friends |18.2% | |Mass-media |15.6% | |At work |36.4% | |Other |3.2% | |Don’t know about this law |6.6% | Table 3. It was investigated in table 4 that change of language of office work for half of respondents has not any impact, 40% did not give answers, 5% do not know and on 5% has influence. |The influence on work |Percentage | |No |50% | |Yes |5% | |Do not know |5% | |Do not give answers |40% | Table 4 It was defined that 45% of people have not faced with any difficulties on work because of this establishment, 15% have some problems, and 40% did not give answers. It was investigated that the administration of state institutions have provide some conditions in order to prepare personnel to the establishment for 40% of respondents, and 60% have not got any programmes. People have mentioned such conditions like providing CDs, preparing lessons, electronic portal, programmes. 35% are satisfied with conditions that government provides, 15% not utilized, 10% is neutral and 40% did nit give answers. To the open-ended questions 90% respondents have given different answers, 10% preferred do not mention any suggestions. The majority of respondents suggested creating of courses, which will give opportunity to workers improve the level of knowing Kazakh. 20% of people were for establishment, but it was mentioned that this reform should be executed gradually. Another 20% have demonstrated desire to establish this law, because it is the time to raise the authority of state language. Someone was against establishment, and other, vice versus, suggested compulsory change language from Russian to Kazakh. D. Summary In spite the fact that most of people know more Russian that Kazakh, and that they communicate in Russian, it was investigated in generally that people have positive position to this establishment. There is a lack of preparing courses, but people disposed well. IV. Analysis and discussion Univariate analysis The research question of present work is â€Å"what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan?† After analyzing possible consequences the hypothesis stated that people would have negative point of view on the change of the language in the office work. a. Analyzing demographic data. As the change of language takes place in the state establishments, 95% of respondents were chosen from them. At the process of work it was investigated that the level of knowing Russian of 20 people, who were conducted the questionnaire, is higher than Kazakh: 100% know official language, while 15% do not know state language at all. In spite the fact that everyone knows Russian and the major part – 85% – of people know Kazakh, only the half part speak in Russian and 20% use only Kazakh, while 30% speak on both languages. Thus, ignoring the fact that the majority people know Kazakh, language of communication among people still is mostly Russian. b. Analyzing attitudes of people to the establishment (questionnaire, literature review). The main target of given work was to find the viewpoint of Astana people to the establishment. From the tabular form of frequency distribution we may see the main result of research. Table 1. Attitude to the establishment office work in Kazakh | |Frequency |% |Valid % |Cum % | |Positive |14 |70 |70 |70 | |Neutral |5 |25 |25 |95 | |Negative |1 |5 |5 |100 | |Total |20 |100 |100 | | More than half part of respondents have positive point of view on the change and only 5% were against it, so Astana people mostly are for establishment of state language. Analyzing the results of questionnaire, it was discovered that the major part of people think that it is right to change the language of documentation and they are ready to the transition. Authors made a prediction that the change of language may lead to conflicts among nations, it would be the discrimination of not-Kazakh people, the process of work will delay and quality of it would reduce. But the results show opposite thing: main part of people state that they have not faced with any difficulties, that the change does not impact on the done work and its’ efficiency does not decrease. 80% of respondents were Kazakhs; possibly, this is a reason of positive results in the questionnaire. Anyway, every man lives in Kazakhstan, may be that is why they have to answer positively, and may be, they had not other ch oice. Topic is very sensitive and both sides – Kazakh and not-Kazakh people – know it. Nowadays there are many issues on the theme of developing of Kazakh, and people do not react on them similar: someone is for raising the status of state language, someone afraid of this, because of unknowing Kazakh. Already 15 years Kazakhstan is independent country, it is obvious that Kazakh language should have specific status, it should have its own important place, and people should know it. It is already time to raise Kazakh, but not to eradicate Russian, because it is still the language on which all multinational population of country speaks, in which we communicate with our neighbours on international arena. People, by understanding it, should improve state language, by not disturbing official language. So, also, based on the results of questionnaire, it was found that government develops such things as courses, discs, electronic portals, programmes to prepare personnel to the change , but people mostly dissatisfied with these conditions, because almost all people suggest creating new instruments to improve language. This fact means that there is a lack of the books, special methods of studying, good teaching, etc. O. Suleimenov (2005) also came to this conclusion. He thinks that this change may cause problems of leaving the country of other nations. But there is a nuance: for some questions (about have they faced with any difficultiesmbecause of the change, have establishment impact the work, do they satisfied with conditions that government creates to prepare personnel?) the third part of people did not give answers. Does it mean that people are hiding something and expert is right? In the reality the issue of language is very sensitive: government tries to improve the authority of Kazakh while it seems that Russian is under discrimination. Among the members of parliament, government, also there are many debates on this theme. Akims, ministers say that they are undertaking measures as preparing personnel through the course, making privilege to people, who know Kazakh, raising their wages, but relying on opinions of people, we may conclude that it is not enough, because there is no efficient results, especially because the base of courses are very weak. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this issue: for Kazakh people it is good because their language is developing, but for other nations it is difficult, but they can do nothing with it: the law already exists, in spite the fact many people do not know Kazakh and there are no real measures that can prepare them. The data from literature review and questionnaire results are not similar, if some authorities are against establishment, main part of respondents support the change. This means that situation is not as negative as state the data of literature review. More people know or learning Kazakh than official statistics show. The state of Kazakh is improving. V. Conclusion The research question of present work is â€Å"what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan?† By considering the possible consequences and results, following hypotheses was made: the attitude of major population of Astana would have negative point of view on this change of language of office work from Russian into Kazakh. According to the results of questionnaire, the prediction of authors was mistaken: majority of respondents have positive viewpoint on the change, moreover, the ways to improve the situation were suggested by them. There were many disputes on the issue, some people think that will appear conflict that society is not ready, but, fortunately, these were not justified. It is already time to improve the status of Kazakh: people are for the change. The only one problem that should be eliminated: to develop the base of preparing and teaching people. Bibliography Akishev, K. and Baipakov, K., 1996, Kazakhstan tarihi (kone zamannan buginge deiin). Almaty: Atamura [cited 01 June 2006]. Kozybayev, K., 1995, Kazakhstan tarihi. Almaty: Zhalyn. [cited 01 June 2006]. Piskareva, L., 2006, Ne zaboltat’ iazik, Vremia, 21(365), p. 3. [cited 02 June 2006]. Embassy of RK. 2005. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [online]. Available from: http://www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk/cgi-bin/index/225 [cited 30 May 2006]. Demography. 2004. O chislennosti naselenia [online]. Available from: http://stat.kz/stat/index.aspx?p=dem04-04&1=ru. [cited 02 June 2006]. Nazarbayeva, D. 2005. V Kazakhstane ne planiruetsya perevodit’ deloproizvodstvo tolko na gosudarstvennii yazik. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30033184B [cited 01 June 2006]. Spravochnik iurist. 2005. Vopros akimu goroda Almaty. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&docid=30036955 [cited 02 June 2006]. Olcott, M. B., 1997. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [Online]. Central Asian States: An Overview of Fives Years of Independence. Available from: www.ceip.org/people/mosenate.htm [cited 02 June 2006]. Omarov. B, 2005. Comitet po iazikam Ministerstva culture, informacii I sporta RK. [Online]. Skajite pojaluista. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined &doc_id=30029966 [cited 01 June 2006]. Shahanov, M., and Tereschenko, S., 2005. Problema yazika [Online]. Shahanova I Tereschenko reshili soobscha borot’sya s kolonizatsiei. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30048383 [cited 02 June 2006]. Suleimenov, O., 2005. Problema yazika. [Online]. Vibori – examen democratii. Available from: http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30024571 [cited 03 June 2006].

Democracy and Oligarchy in Classical Greece essays

Democracy and Oligarchy in Classical Greece essays The Classical Greece period in history ran from 480-323 B.E.C. Greece not only includes Athens as its territory but also consisted of many Greek city-states. These city-states were located throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Although, there was distance from the center of Athens to their territories they still exerted continual dominance and collected annual dues from subject states. Athens was an imperial power due to primitive democracy. To successfully control the states, have free open debate of issues, and benefit the commoners of Athens democracy was the better form of government in classical Greece not Oligarchy. In order for Athens to successfully control all states and collect tribute from their subjects, Athens needed to be a strong ruling authority. The Athenian democracy was well built and able to maintain an empire, although Cleon, a representative of Oligarchy, claimed: ... democracy is incapable of empire...your [Athens] empire is a despotism and your subjects disaffected conspirators, whose obedience is ensured not by your suicidal concessions, but by the superiority given you by your own strength and not their loyalty (Cleon, Peloponnesian War, Bk. III). Athenian history proves this statement false. The Athenians had an undefeatable military and men willing to fight for their city, as said by Pericles. Our military training is in many respects superior to that of our adversaries. If then we prefer to meet danger with a light heart but without laborious training, and with courage which is gained by habit and not enforced by law (Pericles Funeral Oration). This speech of Pericles refutes Cleons statement. The people of Athens were loyal and willing to die for their city. Such is the city for whose sake these men nobly fought and died; they could not bear the thought that she [Athens] might be taken from them (Pericles Funeral Oration) ...

Undergraduate Learning Profile Essay Essay Example

Undergraduate Learning Profile Essay Essay Example Undergraduate Learning Profile Essay Essay Undergraduate Learning Profile Essay Essay Strategic Approach From the stud skills inventory for students scores, my study approach is the strategic approach as I scored highest points in the strategic approach as compared to the deep approach and the surface approach. I am a focused learner who aims at achieving the highest marks possible in tests. I am, also good at time management as well as planning to help me in using my efforts effectively. I also know how to choose my study materials and prepare a conductive environment for my studies. I am also keen to details and can easily study patterns and understand what the assessors expect from the assignments as well as determine the perceive preferences of each teacher. Your name and something about yourself: My name is Kamaljeet Kaur. Based on my personality traits, realized that I am extroverted, agreeable, detailed and relaxed. I found that I like competition, easily get bored with routine and monotony. However, I am also surprised that I can work well under minimal supervision and pressure. The reason why you are studying nursing My main reason why I am studying nursing is that nursing to me is like a calling, a passion, and chosen career path. I like taking care of sick people and giving them hopes when they are very sick and worried about their health. I believe empowering people even in their death bed and offering hope. One learning strength you possess which will be useful for your study this semester The learning strength that I believe I possess and I can use this semester is time management. I am good in time management and if I use that well, I can cover the whole syllabus ahead of the teacher and prepare myself well for the examinations. One specific strategy you will put in place to help you learn better this semester One strategy that I will put in place help me learn better is combining both conventional learning tools and technology. There are tons of resources online that can be accessed over the internet at little or no cost to supplement the available conventional books. Support or source of help you have in place (or in mind) if you need it this semester (for example your partner, the Learning Centre, the lecturer). The school has a digital library that would be instrumental in my learning. I also have access to lecturers with whom I can organize one- on-one session to help me understand and apply concepts learned in this course. Write a paragraph (250 450 words) reflecting on your learning strengths and weaknesses and providing the three specific strategies you will put into place to improve your learning this semester. My strengths include being good at time management. I know how to manage time through proper planning and executing my plans. I also have a good memory and can remember most of the concepts taught in class. I can also attribute my academic success to my curiosity because I am always curious which is what drives me to want to learn more. My main weaknesses include my love for social activities. I like socializing which consumes a lot of my time. I also like surfing the internet and spend a lot of time on Facebook another social networking sites. There are many opportunities at school that I can take advantage of to my success in course work. For example, I have resources such as books at my disposal. I also have access to the digital library which can contribute significantly to my academic achievement. There are also some loving, caring and competent lecturers who are open to discussion and are helpful. There are many threats in school that is likely to affect my studies. These threats are, however, manageable if only I can prioritize and organize myself. For example, there is much time wasting activities such as betting and drinking which is a hindrance to college learning. There are also social events in the school throughout the semesters that are a threat to proper learning. These social events do not add value to my school life or academic. Never the less, there are some strategies that I need to integrate to enhance my learning capabilities this semester. For example, I will prioritize my activities from the most impo rtant to the least important. I would engage in learning activities more as they are sources of networking and learning which are inry6umentalt to my academic achievement. I would also teach myself new skills every day such as academic writing, scholarly referencing, using the internet to research, avoiding academic malpractices as well as doing exceptional research.

A Comparison of Dance through Two Different Time Periods Essay

A Comparison of Dance through Two Different Time Periods - Essay Example Dance and all of the ideas that go with it has evolved, just like any other art form has evolved. The way in which people danced in the 1930s and 1940s is very different than how they expressed themselves through dance in the 1960s and 1970s. Dancing in the 1930s and 1940s was still considered a partnered experience, men and women pairing off to explore structured dances in social situations. By the 1960s and 1970s, however, the nature of social dancing had changed as men and women parted and began to express their emotions through dances that were more primitive in nature. The nature of dance became a more solo experience, even though couple dancing still existed. As the nature of music changed, so too did the nature of dance. The dance that was most popular during the early 1930s was the fox trot. This dance was done through medium tempo steps made by a couple (although some fox trots can be quite fast paced). However, swing dance had begun in the 1920s and had been made popular at the Savoy Club in New York City (Kassing 262). The form of dance had begun as an accompaniment to jazz music, the nature of the dance more freely expressed than had formerly been experienced. The East Coast Swing was the overall phrase used to describe the various versions of swing that were defined by their fast pace and their connection to big band music. The next evolution of dance that occurred was the ‘jitterbug’. The term ‘jitterbug’ was coined from the jitters that alcoholics get when they are withdrawing from drinking. The term was used to describe dancers who were not performing well on the dance floor (there bodies flopping about and not keeping time with the music), but eventually was trans formed to describe a specific set of swing dances. The popular mainstream was introduced to the term through Cab Calloway’s song from 1934 â€Å"Call of the Jitter bug† (Young and Young 273). The dance was a wild and fast paced, but it was structured for swing music with specific moves and expressions. There were many versions of swing music that followed the basic concepts of jazz and fast paced movement. The Dean Collins Style was created by a Savoy dancer who moved to Hollywood. His influence created a â€Å"smoother, more contained† version of swing, and while he denied it, the West Coast Swing appears to be an evolution of his moves (Pener 66). The way in which clothing played a part in the dance innovations of swing was through the looser fitted pants that were worn by men to allow for freedom of movement, coupled with women in fitted blouses with puff sleeves and A-line skirts. The ‘Savoy’ style was defined by this type of look as the ‘ lindy hop’, a version of the swing dance, came into popularity. Parties were held that were devoted to the style and the ‘lindy hop’ (Steele 194). Pener describes the lindy hop as a very social form of dance, providing for the interactions of men and women in a specific social setting. Etiquette was an important aspect of taking part in the dance, creating a defined amount of space that did not intrude on other dancers having the primary importance in the social experience. Dancing in the 1960s and 1970s went full swing from free form movement to clearly defined steps that were associated to a specific dance type. The Twist, a dance created by Chubby Checker to go with his song release, was designed so that dancers could dance with a partner or all alone (Kassing 235). This changed the nature of social dance. Where swing required a partner, ‘the twist’ allowed for one person to have fun without having to have someone along for the ride (although a pa rtner made it more fun). This revolutionized social dance where people began to become free of prescribed dance steps and able to express their physical responses to the music. However, there were still ‘fad dances’ that came and went, including ‘the mashed potato’

Integration of reality into the works of william hogarth in the Research Paper

Integration of reality into the works of william hogarth in the eighteenth century - Research Paper Example This brief essay will work to analyze the ways in which William Hogarth’s works during eighteenth century Europe engendered many such forms of tacit transmission as well as seeking to incorporate elements of political, fictional and religious motifs. It should be noted that although this analysis will look at many of Hogarth’s works, it will not be specific to pointing out every layer of double entendre that might exist; rather, the research will be concentric on understanding and grappling with the major trends that Hogarth worked to enumerate upon within each of the pieces which will be analyzed. As such, the following research will be divided into sections which work to analyze the different means of conveyance that Hogarth employed as well as seeking to detail the specific motifs and themes that these means of conveyance sought to impress upon the viewer. The first of these paintings which will be analyzed was painted in 1754 and entitled, â€Å"An Election: Chairi ng Member†. This painting is extraordinarily unique due to the fact that it incorporates a host of both political, cultural, and religious motifs that bear discussion as a means of understanding some of the diverse themes and emotions that the artist was attempting to convey. The first of these themes is the pied piper that can be seen in front of the gathering of rowdy townspeople. In this way, all of the action and movement is behind this piper. Such a prominent exhibition in the foreground of the photo evokes the strong sense that Hogarth is attempting to convey to the reader. This strong sense is concentric around the fact that even though elections can be understood as an expressions of a participatory nature, the fact of the matter is that people still behave as if in a group and in a senseless manner. This cultural theme of the pied piper is further illustrated in a religious context by the inclusion of a small group of swine directly in the process of running off the s ide of the bridge that is pictured. This of course is reminiscent of the unclean spirits that Christ cast into the group of swine in Samaria that subsequently threw themselves into the Sea of Galilee. As such, the artist makes a firm connection between the religious imagery depicted and the cultural imagery of the pied piper. By presenting high levels of nuanced detail, Hogarth was able to evoke imagery that sought to express various elements within current society as well as to impress upon the reader a host of ideas and correlations that other artists did not. Furthermore, the artist seeks to convey an image that depicts the ridiculous nature of democracy in the form that it existed during his time. In this way, the artist seeks to represent the citizens in the foreground and the background as zealots that feverishly push and pull for the given belief system of their choice and fight against those that defy such a belief system. However, what is most interesting and almost unnotic eable is the fact that the aristocrats within the society look out from their second story windows onto the raucous below with amusement. In this way, the artist seeks to represent a face of politics that has continued to haunt our system until the current time; the fact that the ultra rich are often times directing the fate of politics unbeknownst to the workers who fight and die for the values that the super-rich espouse. The second painting of Hogarth’